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Disease Profile
Multiple myeloma
Prevalence estimates on Rare Medical Network websites are calculated based on data available from numerous sources, including US and European government statistics, the NIH, Orphanet, and published epidemiologic studies. Rare disease population data is recognized to be highly variable, and based on a wide variety of source data and methodologies, so the prevalence data on this site should be assumed to be estimated and cannot be considered to be absolutely correct.
1-5 / 10 000
Age of onset
Adult
ICD-10
C90.0
Inheritance
Autosomal dominant A pathogenic variant in only one gene copy in each cell is sufficient to cause an autosomal dominant disease.
Autosomal recessive Pathogenic variants in both copies of each gene of the chromosome are needed to cause an autosomal recessive disease and observe the mutant phenotype.
X-linked
dominant X-linked dominant inheritance, sometimes referred to as X-linked dominance, is a mode of genetic inheritance by which a dominant gene is carried on the X chromosome.
dominant X-linked dominant inheritance, sometimes referred to as X-linked dominance, is a mode of genetic inheritance by which a dominant gene is carried on the X chromosome.
X-linked
recessive Pathogenic variants in both copies of a gene on the X chromosome cause an X-linked recessive disorder.
recessive Pathogenic variants in both copies of a gene on the X chromosome cause an X-linked recessive disorder.
Mitochondrial or multigenic Mitochondrial genetic disorders can be caused by changes (mutations) in either the mitochondrial DNA or nuclear DNA that lead to dysfunction of the mitochondria and inadequate production of energy.
Multigenic or multifactor Inheritance involving many factors, of which at least one is genetic but none is of overwhelming importance, as in the causation of a disease by multiple genetic and environmental factors.
Not applicable
Other names (AKA)
Plasma cell myeloma; Kahler disease; Myelomatosis;
Categories
Blood Diseases; Nervous System Diseases; Rare Cancers
Summary
Multiple myeloma is a form of
Symptoms
- Bone pain
- Nausea
- Constipation
- Loss of appetite
- Frequent infections
- Weight loss
- Excessive thirst
- Weakness and/or numbness in the arms and legs
- Confusion
- Abnormal bleeding
- Weak bones that may break easily
- Difficulty breathing
This table lists symptoms that people with this disease may have. For most diseases, symptoms will vary from person to person. People with the same disease may not have all the symptoms listed. This information comes from a database called the Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) . The HPO collects information on symptoms that have been described in medical resources. The HPO is updated regularly. Use the HPO ID to access more in-depth information about a symptom.
Medical Terms | Other Names |
Learn More:
HPO ID
|
---|---|---|
80%-99% of people have these symptoms | ||
Osteopenia | 0000938 | |
Pathologic fracture |
Spontaneous fracture
|
0002756 |
30%-79% of people have these symptoms | ||
Acute kidney injury | 0001919 | |
Anemia |
Low number of red blood cells or hemoglobin
|
0001903 |
Bone pain | 0002653 | |
Decreased circulating |
0004313 | |
Elevated serum creatinine |
Elevated creatinine
High blood creatinine level
Increased creatinine
Increased serum creatinine
[ more ] |
0003259 |
Fatigue |
Tired
Tiredness
[ more ] |
0012378 |
Generalized muscle weakness | 0003324 | |
Hyperproteinemia | 0002152 | |
Increased circulating IgG level | 0003237 | |
Nephropathy | 0000112 | |
Nephrotic |
0000100 | |
5%-29% of people have these symptoms | ||
Abnormality of the bladder | 0000014 | |
Abnormality of vitamin B12 metabolism | 0004341 | |
Functional abnormality of the gastrointestinal tract | 0012719 | |
Hypercalcemia |
High blood calcium levels
Increased calcium in blood
[ more ] |
0003072 |
Increased circulating IgA level | 0003261 | |
Paresthesia |
Pins and needles feeling
Tingling
[ more ] |
0003401 |
Spinal cord compression |
Pressure on spinal cord
|
0002176 |
Tall stature |
Increased body height
|
0000098 |
Vertebral compression fractures |
Compression fracture
|
0002953 |
Weight loss | 0001824 | |
1%-4% of people have these symptoms | ||
Lymphadenopathy |
Swollen lymph nodes
|
0002716 |
Pleural effusion |
Fluid around lungs
|
0002202 |
Splenomegaly |
Increased spleen size
|
0001744 |
Percent of people who have these symptoms is not available through HPO | ||
Amyloidosis | 0011034 | |
Multiple myeloma | 0006775 | |
Paraproteinemia | 0031047 | |
0001428 |
Cause
Factors that are associated with an increased risk of developing multiple myeloma include increasing age, male sex, African American
Diagnosis
- Specialized blood tests including immunoglobulin studies, complete blood count with differential, and blood chemistry studies
- Urine tests such as immunoglobulin studies and a twenty-four-hour urine test
- Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy
Imaging studies such as anX-ray of the bones (skeletal bone survey),MRI ,CT scan , and/or PET scan
The American Cancer Society offers more information regarding the diagnosis of multiple myeloma, including a summary of the many tests that may be recommended. Please click on the link to access this resource.
Some affected people may have no suspicious signs or symptoms of multiple myeloma, especially in the early stages of the condition. In these cases, multiple myeloma is sometimes diagnosed by chance when a blood test or urine test is ordered to investigate another condition.[3]
Testing Resources
- The Genetic Testing Registry (GTR) provides information about the genetic tests for this condition. The intended audience for the GTR is health care providers and researchers. Patients and consumers with specific questions about a genetic test should contact a health care provider or a genetics professional.
Treatment
Chemotherapy Corticosteroid medications- Targeted therapy
Stem cell transplant Biological therapy Radiation therapy - Surgery
- Watchful waiting
The National Cancer Institute offers information regarding the management of multiple myeloma, including more specific information regarding the treatments outlined above. Please click on the link to access this resource.
FDA-Approved Treatments
The medication(s) listed below have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as orphan products for treatment of this condition. Learn more orphan products.
- Melphalan(Brand name: Alkeran® (injection)) Manufactured by Glaxo Wellcome Inc.
FDA-approved indication: For the palliative treatment of patients with multiple myeloma for whom oral melphalan is not appropriate.
National Library of Medicine Drug Information Portal
Medline Plus Health Information - Daratumumab(Brand name: Darzalex) Manufactured by Janssen Research & Development, LLC
FDA-approved indication: May 2018 approved in combination with bortezomib, melphalen, andprednisone for the treatment of patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma who are ineligible for autologous stemcell transplant. June 2017 approved in combination with pomalidomide and dexamethasone for the treatment of patients with multiple myeloma who have received at least two prior therapies including lenalidomide and a proteasome inhibitor. November 2016 approved in combination with lenalidomide and dexamethasone, or bortezomib and dexamethasone, for the treatment of patients with multiple myeloma who have received at least one prior therapy.
National Library of Medicine Drug Information Portal
Medline Plus Health Information - Doxorubicin HCL liposome injection(Brand name: Doxil® (injection)) Manufactured by Centocor Ortho Biotech Inc.
FDA-approved indication: For use in combination with bortezomib for the treatment of patients with multiple myeloma who have not previously received bortezomib and have at least one prior therapy.
National Library of Medicine Drug Information Portal - Elotuzumab(Brand name: Empliciti) Manufactured by Bristol-Myers Squibb Co.
FDA-approved indication: November 2018, elotuzumab (Empliciti) was approved in combination with pomalidomide and dexamethasone for the treatment of adult patients with multiple myeloma who have received at least two prior therapies including lenalidomide and a proteasome inhibitor. In November 2015, it was approved in combination with lenalidomide and dexamethasone for the treatment of patients with multiple myeloma who have received one to three prior therapies.
National Library of Medicine Drug Information Portal
Medline Plus Health Information - Carfilzomib(Brand name: Kyprolis) Manufactured by Onyx Therapeutics, Inc.
FDA-approved indication: Treatment of patients with multiple myeloma who have received at least two prior therapies including bortezomib and an immunomodulatory agent and have demonstrated disease progression on or within 60 days of completion of the last therapy.
National Library of Medicine Drug Information Portal - Ixazomib citrate(Brand name: Ninlaro) Manufactured by Millennium Pharmaceuticals
FDA-approved indication: Use in combination with lenalidomide and dexamethasone for the treatment of patients with multiple myeloma who have received at least one prior therapy.
National Library of Medicine Drug Information Portal - Pomalidomide(Brand name: Pomalyst) Manufactured by Celgene Corporation
FDA-approved indication: Treatment of patients with multiple myeloma who have received at least two prior therapies including lenalidomide and bortezomib and have demonstrated disease progression on or within 60 days of completion of the last therapy.
National Library of Medicine Drug Information Portal
Medline Plus Health Information - Lenalidomide(Brand name: Revlimid) Manufactured by Celgene Corporation
FDA-approved indication: For use in combination with dexamethasone for the treatment of multiple myeloma. Also, for use for the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM), as maintenance following autologous hematopoieticstem cell transplantation (auto-HSCT).
National Library of Medicine Drug Information Portal
Medline Plus Health Information - Thalidomide(Brand name: Thalomid) Manufactured by Celgene Corporation
FDA-approved indication: Acute treatment of the cutaneous manifestations of moderate to severe erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL) and as maintenance therapy for prevention and suppression of the cutaneous manifestations of ENL recurrences.
National Library of Medicine Drug Information Portal
Medline Plus Health Information - Bortezomib(Brand name: Velcade®) Manufactured by Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
FDA-approved indication: Treatment of multiple myeloma patients who have received at least one prior therapy. Treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma.
National Library of Medicine Drug Information Portal
Medline Plus Health Information
Organizations
Support and advocacy groups can help you connect with other patients and families, and they can provide valuable services. Many develop patient-centered information and are the driving force behind research for better treatments and possible cures. They can direct you to research, resources, and services. Many organizations also have experts who serve as medical advisors or provide lists of doctors/clinics. Visit the group’s website or contact them to learn about the services they offer. Inclusion on this list is not an endorsement by GARD.
Organizations Supporting this Disease
-
International Myeloma Foundation
12650 Riverside Drive, Suite 206
North Hollywood, CA 91607-3421
Toll-free: 800-452-2873
Telephone: 818-487-7455
E-mail: [email protected]
Website: https://myeloma.org/ -
The National Coalition for Cancer Survivorship
1010 Wayne Avenue
Suite 770
Silver Spring, MD 20910
Toll-free: 888-650-9127
Telephone: 301-650-9127
Fax: 301-565-9670
E-mail: [email protected]
Website: https://www.canceradvocacy.org
Social Networking Websites
-
RareConnect has an online community for patients and families with this condition so they can connect with others and share their experiences living with a rare disease. The project is a joint collaboration between EURORDIS (European Rare Disease Organisation) and NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders).
Organizations Providing General Support
-
American Cancer Society
250 Williams Street NW
Atlanta, GA 30329
Toll-free: 1-800-227-2345
Website: https://www.cancer.org -
Cancer Hope Network
2 North Road, Suite A
Chester, NJ 07930
Toll-free: 1-877-467-3638 (1-877-HOPENET)
Telephone: +1-908-879-4039
Fax: +1-908-879-6518
E-mail: [email protected]/
Website: https://www.cancerhopenetwork.org/ -
CancerCare
275 Seventh Ave, Floor 22
New York, NY 10001
Toll-free: 800-813-HOPE
Fax: 212-712-8495
E-mail: [email protected]
Website: https://www.cancercare.org/
Learn more
These resources provide more information about this condition or associated symptoms. The in-depth resources contain medical and scientific language that may be hard to understand. You may want to review these resources with a medical professional.
Where to Start
- The American Cancer Society provides information on Multiple myeloma. Please click on the link to access this resource.
- Mayo Clinic has an information page on Multiple myeloma.
- MedlinePlus was designed by the National Library of Medicine to help you research your health questions, and it provides more information about this topic.
- Genetics Home Reference (GHR) contains information on Multiple myeloma. This website is maintained by the National Library of Medicine.
- The Merck Manuals Online Medical Library provides information on this condition for patients and caregivers.
- The National Cancer Institute provides the most current information on cancer for patients, health professionals, and the general public.
- The National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD) has a report for patients and families about this condition. NORD is a patient advocacy organization for individuals with rare diseases and the organizations that serve them.
In-Depth Information
- Medscape Reference provides information on this topic. You may need to register to view the medical textbook, but registration is free.
- The Monarch Initiative brings together data about this condition from humans and other species to help physicians and biomedical researchers. Monarch’s tools are designed to make it easier to compare the signs and symptoms (phenotypes) of different diseases and discover common features. This initiative is a collaboration between several academic institutions across the world and is funded by the National Institutes of Health. Visit the website to explore the biology of this condition.
- Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) is a catalog of human genes and genetic disorders. Each entry has a summary of related medical articles. It is meant for health care professionals and researchers. OMIM is maintained by Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.
- Orphanet is a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs. Access to this database is free of charge.
- PubMed is a searchable database of medical literature and lists journal articles that discuss Multiple myeloma. Click on the link to view a sample search on this topic.
Selected Full-Text Journal Articles
- Sonneveld P et al., Treatment of multiple myeloma with high-risk cytogenetics: a consensus of the International Myeloma Working Group. Blood. 2016 Jun 16;127(24):2955-62.
References
- Dhaval Shah, MD. Multiple Myeloma. Medscape Reference. February 2016; https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/204369-overview.
- Multiple Myeloma. American Cancer Society. January 2016; https://www.cancer.org/Cancer/MultipleMyeloma/DetailedGuide/index.
- Plasma Cell Neoplasms (Including Multiple Myeloma) Treatment. National Cancer Institute. October 2015; https://www.cancer.gov/types/myeloma/patient/myeloma-treatment-pdq.
- Multiple Myeloma. Mayo Clinic. December 2015; https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/multiple-myeloma/basics/definition/con-20026607.
- Multiple Myeloma. MedlinePlus. February 2015; https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000583.htm.
- S Vincent Rajkumar, MD. Clinical features, laboratory manifestations, and diagnosis of multiple myeloma. UpToDate. January 2016;
- S Vincent Rajkumar, MD. Staging and prognostic studies in multiple myeloma. UpToDate. January 2016;
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