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Disease Profile
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Prevalence estimates on Rare Medical Network websites are calculated based on data available from numerous sources, including US and European government statistics, the NIH, Orphanet, and published epidemiologic studies. Rare disease population data is recognized to be highly variable, and based on a wide variety of source data and methodologies, so the prevalence data on this site should be assumed to be estimated and cannot be considered to be absolutely correct.
1-5 / 10 000
Age of onset
All ages
ICD-10
C91.0
Inheritance
Autosomal dominant A pathogenic variant in only one gene copy in each cell is sufficient to cause an autosomal dominant disease.
Autosomal recessive Pathogenic variants in both copies of each gene of the chromosome are needed to cause an autosomal recessive disease and observe the mutant phenotype.
X-linked
dominant X-linked dominant inheritance, sometimes referred to as X-linked dominance, is a mode of genetic inheritance by which a dominant gene is carried on the X chromosome.
dominant X-linked dominant inheritance, sometimes referred to as X-linked dominance, is a mode of genetic inheritance by which a dominant gene is carried on the X chromosome.
X-linked
recessive Pathogenic variants in both copies of a gene on the X chromosome cause an X-linked recessive disorder.
recessive Pathogenic variants in both copies of a gene on the X chromosome cause an X-linked recessive disorder.
Mitochondrial or multigenic Mitochondrial genetic disorders can be caused by changes (mutations) in either the mitochondrial DNA or nuclear DNA that lead to dysfunction of the mitochondria and inadequate production of energy.
Multigenic or multifactor Inheritance involving many factors, of which at least one is genetic but none is of overwhelming importance, as in the causation of a disease by multiple genetic and environmental factors.
Not applicable
Other names (AKA)
ALL; Acute lymphocytic leukemia
Categories
Rare Cancers
Summary
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a type of
ALL is typically caused by random, non
Treatment of ALL depends on the person's age, how advanced the cancer is, and whether certain genetic changes are found in cancer
The chance of recovery also depends on many factors.[1][3] With treatment, about 98% of children with ALL go into
Symptoms
This table lists symptoms that people with this disease may have. For most diseases, symptoms will vary from person to person. People with the same disease may not have all the symptoms listed. This information comes from a database called the Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) . The HPO collects information on symptoms that have been described in medical resources. The HPO is updated regularly. Use the HPO ID to access more in-depth information about a symptom.
Diagnosis
Making a diagnosis for a genetic or rare disease can often be challenging. Healthcare professionals typically look at a person’s medical history, symptoms, physical exam, and laboratory test results in order to make a diagnosis. The following resources provide information relating to diagnosis and testing for this condition. If you have questions about getting a diagnosis, you should contact a healthcare professional.
Testing Resources
- The Genetic Testing Registry (GTR) provides information about the genetic tests for this condition. The intended audience for the GTR is health care providers and researchers. Patients and consumers with specific questions about a genetic test should contact a health care provider or a genetics professional.
Treatment
FDA-Approved Treatments
The medication(s) listed below have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as orphan products for treatment of this condition. Learn more orphan products.
- Nelarabine(Brand name: Arranon®) Manufactured by GlaxoSmithKline
FDA-approved indication: Treatment of patients with Tcell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma whose disease has not responded to or has relapsed following treatment with at least twochemotherapy regimens
National Library of Medicine Drug Information Portal
Medline Plus Health Information - Inotuzumab ozogamicin(Brand name: Besponsa) Manufactured by Pfizer, Inc.
FDA-approved indication: Treatment of adults with relapsed or refractory B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).
National Library of Medicine Drug Information Portal - Blinatumomab(Brand name: Blincyto) Manufactured by Amgen, Inc.
FDA-approved indication: March 2018 approval for the treatment of B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in first or second completeremission with minimal residual disease (MRD) greater than or equal to 0.1% in adults and children. Previously approved in December 2014 for treatment of Philadelphiachromosome -negative relapsed or refractory B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).
National Library of Medicine Drug Information Portal
Medline Plus Health Information - Clofarabine(Brand name: Clolar®) Manufactured by Genzyme Corporation
FDA-approved indication: Treatment of pediatric patients 1 to 21 years old with relapsed or refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia after at least two prior regimens
National Library of Medicine Drug Information Portal
Medline Plus Health Information - Buffered intrathecal electrolyte/dextrose injection(Brand name: Elliotts B Solution) Manufactured by QOL Medical, LLC
FDA-approved indication: For the intrathecal administration of methotrexate and cytarabine for the prevention or treatment of meningeal leukemia and lymphocytic lymphoma.
National Library of Medicine Drug Information Portal - Erwinia L-Asparaginase(Brand name: Erwinase) Manufactured by EUSA Pharma, Inc.
FDA-approved indication: Treatment of patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) who have developed hypersensitivity to E. Coli-derived asparaginase.
National Library of Medicine Drug Information Portal
Medline Plus Health Information - Imatinib mesylate(Brand name: Gleevec®)
FDA-approved indication: Treatment of adult patients with relapsed or refractory Philadelphia chromosome positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph+ALL)
National Library of Medicine Drug Information Portal - Ponatinib(Brand name: Iclusig) Manufactured by ARIAD Pharmaceuticals Inc.
FDA-approved indication: Treatment of adult patients with chronic phase, accelerated phase, or blast phase chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) that is resistant or intolerant to prior tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy or Philadelphia chromosome positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph+ALL) that is resistant or intolerant to prior tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy.
National Library of Medicine Drug Information Portal - Vincristine sulfate liposome injection(Brand name: Marqibo) Manufactured by Talon Therapeutics, Inc.
FDA-approved indication: Treatment of adult patients with Philadelphia chromosome-negative (Ph-) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in second or greater relapse or whose disease has progressed following two or more anti-leukemia therapies.
National Library of Medicine Drug Information Portal - Pegaspargase(Brand name: Oncaspar®) Manufactured by Enzon, Inc.
FDA-approved indication: Combination chemotherapy for the treatment of patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia who are hypersensitive to native forms of L-asparaginase.
National Library of Medicine Drug Information Portal
Medline Plus Health Information - mercaptopurine oral solution(Brand name: Purixan) Manufactured by Nova Laboratories Limited
FDA-approved indication: Treatment of patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia as part of a combination regimen.
National Library of Medicine Drug Information Portal - Dasatinib(Brand name: Sprycel) Manufactured by Bristol-Myers Squibb Company
FDA-approved indication: December 2018, dasatinib (Sprycel) was approved for the treatment of pediatric patients 1 year of age and older with Ph+ CML in chronic phase and newly diagnosed Ph+ ALL in combination with chemotherapy. Previously in June 2013, it was approved for treatment of adults with Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia with resistance or intolerance to prior therapy.
National Library of Medicine Drug Information Portal
Medline Plus Health Information - Methotrexate oral solution(Brand name: Xatmep) Manufactured by Silvergate Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
FDA-approved indication: April 2017, methotrexate oral solution (Xatmep) was approved for the treatment of pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) as a component of a combination chemotherapy maintenance regimen.
National Library of Medicine Drug Information Portal
Organizations
Support and advocacy groups can help you connect with other patients and families, and they can provide valuable services. Many develop patient-centered information and are the driving force behind research for better treatments and possible cures. They can direct you to research, resources, and services. Many organizations also have experts who serve as medical advisors or provide lists of doctors/clinics. Visit the group’s website or contact them to learn about the services they offer. Inclusion on this list is not an endorsement by GARD.
Organizations Supporting this Disease
-
Leukemia and Lymphoma Society
3 International Drive, Suite 200
Rye Brook, NY 10573
Toll-free: 1-(800) 955-4572 (patients and families)
Telephone: 1-(888) 557-7177 (general)
E-mail: https://www.lls.org/content/contact-us
Website: https://www.lls.org/
Organizations Providing General Support
-
American Cancer Society
250 Williams Street NW
Atlanta, GA 30329
Toll-free: 1-800-227-2345
Website: https://www.cancer.org
Learn more
These resources provide more information about this condition or associated symptoms. The in-depth resources contain medical and scientific language that may be hard to understand. You may want to review these resources with a medical professional.
Where to Start
- The American Cancer Society provides more information on Acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
- KidsHealth from Nemours has an information page on Acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Click on the link to access this resource.
- The Leukemia and Lymphoma Society has an information page on Acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Click on the link to view this information page.
- The Mayo Clinic Web site provides further information on Acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
- MedlinePlus was designed by the National Library of Medicine to help you research your health questions, and it provides more information about this topic.
- The National Cancer Institute provides the most current information on cancer for patients, health professionals, and the general public.
Adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia
In-Depth Information
- Medscape Reference provides information on this topic. You may need to register to view the medical textbook, but registration is free.
- The Monarch Initiative brings together data about this condition from humans and other species to help physicians and biomedical researchers. Monarch’s tools are designed to make it easier to compare the signs and symptoms (phenotypes) of different diseases and discover common features. This initiative is a collaboration between several academic institutions across the world and is funded by the National Institutes of Health. Visit the website to explore the biology of this condition.
- Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) is a catalog of human genes and genetic disorders. Each entry has a summary of related medical articles. It is meant for health care professionals and researchers. OMIM is maintained by Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.
- Orphanet is a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs. Access to this database is free of charge.
References
- Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Treatment (PDQ®)–Patient Version. National Cancer Institute. October 26, 2017; https://www.cancer.gov/types/leukemia/patient/child-all-treatment-pdq.
- What is Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia?. American Cancer Society. December 2, 2014; https://www.cancer.org/cancer/acute-lymphocytic-leukemia/about/what-is-all.html.
- Adult Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Treatment (PDQ®)–Patient Version. National Cancer Institute. October 26, 2017; https://www.cancer.gov/types/leukemia/patient/adult-all-treatment-pdq.
- Hamosh A. Leukemia, acute lymphoblastic; ALL. Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM). August 9, 2017; https://www.omim.org/entry/613065.
- Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Treatment (PDQ®)–Health Professional Version. National Cancer Institute. September 28, 2017; https://www.cancer.gov/types/leukemia/hp/child-all-treatment-pdq.
- Seiter K. Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL). Medscape Reference. September 2, 2017; https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/207631-overview.